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Date: Thu, 25 Feb 93 05:00:08
From: Space Digest maintainer <digests@isu.isunet.edu>
Reply-To: Space-request@isu.isunet.edu
Subject: Space Digest V16 #223
To: Space Digest Readers
Precedence: bulk
Space Digest Thu, 25 Feb 93 Volume 16 : Issue 223
Today's Topics:
A response from Anonymous (2 msgs)
Aurora (rumors) (2 msgs)
Bell Rocket Belt and WASP (was Re: Rocketeer)
ESA press release 7.93
Getting people into Space Program!
Human Distance Record:Apollo 13
I'm really embarrassed to ask this but...
Martian Bacteria
McElwained again.
Nobody cares about Fred?
Reliable Source says Freedom Dead, Freedom II to be developed
Rocketeer
Spy Sats (Was: Are La
unnecceary violence (was: Nobody cares about Fred?)
Water resupply for SSF (?)
Wouldn't an earth to moon shuttle be better than fred?
Welcome to the Space Digest!! Please send your messages to
"space@isu.isunet.edu", and (un)subscription requests of the form
"Subscribe Space <your name>" to one of these addresses: listserv@uga
(BITNET), rice::boyle (SPAN/NSInet), utadnx::utspan::rice::boyle
(THENET), or space-REQUEST@isu.isunet.edu (Internet).
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Date: Mon, 22 Feb 93 06:52:13 PST
From: Jason Cooper <lord@tradent.wimsey.com>
Subject: A response from Anonymous
Newsgroups: sci.space
Well, I must say firstly that what I've been seeing here is rather
stupid. We have here people saying "This group is for technical
discussions only. Why would anybody post anything under an anonymous
handle?". And then they go and post to this discussion. Wow, yeah, that
certainly has something to do with space. Note that I'm not putting a
general discouragement of this discussion; I'm just saying that you can
all pick one -- you're all adult enough -- so do so. Will it be the "
Nobody needs Anonymous in a technical area" or this discussion at all.
In fact, posting the above (Nobody...) is paradoxical in itself, since in
doing so you are giving a reason (by going off of area topic).
I would have to agree with those who say that the ones who fear anonymous
posters are generally those who fear loss of control. That's the great
thing about the net. Few, if any, of you know how old I am, how tall I
am, where I live, and few ever will. HOWEVER, if any of you _REALLY_
wanted to know you could, because up there it says my real name (if I'm
not mistaken), and that's a tag I can't get rid of. Anybody with the
will and the resources could find all they want about me. That's where
anonymous postings come in. If I'm going to post something that, in all
probability, could make a LOT of people a little more than unhappy, then
I'm NOT going to risk anything. Yes, there are those who would use it
otherwise, but that is the REASON for anonymous posters, and therefore
they are needed EVERYWHERE (yes EVERYWHERE). The Internet is (have we
heard this before?) the great equalizer. That is mainly because none of
you (or generally) will discriminate against me. You can't tell if I'm
black or white, old or young, homo- or hetero-sexual. And you CAN'T
intimidate me either, because what fear do I have of you? However, as I
said above, there are those out there, in the millions of users, who
COULD find out who I am. Now, nobody would want to with my posting this,
but what if I had a VERY controvertial, VERY scientific finding to post?
Jason Cooper
(Reply by MAIL ONLY please. I don't want to waste any more bandwidth on
here...)
------------------------------
Date: Tue, 23 Feb 1993 15:49:51 GMT
From: fred j mccall 575-3539 <mccall@mksol.dseg.ti.com>
Subject: A response from Anonymous
Newsgroups: news.admin.policy,alt.privacy,comp.org.eff.talk,sci.space,sci.astro
In <1mcchkINNiuq@darkstar.UCSC.EDU> bafta@cats.ucsc.edu (Shari L Brooks) writes:
>In article <C2H9vH.1HB@rice.edu> swaim@owlnet.rice.edu (Michael Parks Swaim)
>writes:
>> Call me stupid, but I think that a plainly visible notice that says
>>"Don't peek" should be enough. (No, I don't think that the SRI notice was
>>plainly visible.)
>Just like a "no Trespassing" sign on someone's property edge is enough?
>Get real. These signs don't work unless accompanied by a threat of violence
>or prosecution and/or barbed wire, and likewise a "don't peek" notice
>won't work unless it is accompanied by the lack of perms to look in
>forbidden directories at forbidden files.
Does this position strike anyone else as rather analogous to blaming
the victim? This same reasoning leaves us with:
1) It is your fault your car got stolen because you didn't have
sufficient alarms to stop the thief, so the thief didn't do anything
wrong.
2) It is your fault your house got burglarized, because you didn't
have sufficiently strong bars on the windows and locks on the doors.
3) It is your fault you got raped, because you allowed yourself to be
in a potentially dangerous position without having sufficient means at
your disposal to protect yourself. It doesn't matter that you said
no; that's like saying "don't peek".
In other words, the positon is that the *only* blame is always that of
the victim, since if they'd taken sufficiently strong measures they
would not have been victimized.
Personally, I prefer to catch and prosecute the perpetrators rather
than blame the victim as a defense for them.
[And just what is this doing in space and astro? I've tried
redirecting followups -- we'll see if it works.]
--
"Insisting on perfect safety is for people who don't have the balls to live
in the real world." -- Mary Shafer, NASA Ames Dryden
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Fred.McCall@dseg.ti.com - I don't speak for others and they don't speak for me.
------------------------------
Date: Tue, 23 Feb 93 11:40:41 GMT
From: Dean Adams <dnadams@nyx.cs.du.edu>
Subject: Aurora (rumors)
Newsgroups: sci.space
PHARABOD@FRCPN11.IN2P3.FR writes:
>>The two incidents noted were an air traffic controller ("a friend of mine
>>who is") who had tracked two of these supposed aircraft at 10,250 mph
>>(Yes, that is what they said.).
>Looks a little too fast for Aurora, which is said to fly at Mach 6-8.
WAY too fast... That particular report does not sound very credible,
unless they were tracking the Shuttle returing from orbit or something.
>There had been previous articles about that in the Los Angeles Times
>(April 17, 1992, "Secret Out On 'Quakes': It's Only a Spy Plane",
Yes.
>IMHO, these rumblings are the best indication in favor of
>the existence of Aurora.
They are a strong part of a very convincing block of information.
>However, an hypersonic SR-71B is used by the NASA in California
The SR-71 is NOT "hypersonic". It's maximum speed is no more than Mach 3.5
>>Ames-Dryden Crews Flying SR-71s To Support High-Speed Research Projects")
>Could this SR-71 be the culprit ?
Nope. None of the "skyquakes" have coincided with NASA flights,
and the flight profile has been of a vehicle coming in from the
Pacific, heading over L.A., out past Edwards and into the Nevada
desert towards the Nellis range/Groom Lake region. That does not
sound like a normal flight plan of a NASA SR-71.
>The problem is that when you apply the same criteria as those
>applied to UFOs sightings, nothing remains...
That is only a "problem" for people trying to bring "UFOs" into
this subject. Otherwise, a great deal of meaningful data is there.
>There are also rumors that this plane sometimes crosses the Atlantic
>and lands at the Machrihanish base (Kintyre peninsula, Scotland).
Either that or (more likely) its refueling/support aircraft
have operated from that site.
>Finally, it has been conjectured that the loud "bang" which shaked
>a part of the Netherlands on August 19, 1992, had been caused by Aurora.
I don't recall that being reported by AW&ST or similar sources.
>>DoD rarely phases out anything unless they have something to replace it
>This also is a serious indication in favor of the existence of Aurora.
VERY serious. The SR-71 operated in conjunction with satellites for
virtually its *entire* history. The claims that sats were "suddenly"
making the Blackbird unnecessary are not the least bit credible.
------------------------------
Date: Wed, 24 Feb 93 15:58:18 MET
From: PHARABOD@FRCPN11.IN2P3.FR
Subject: Aurora (rumors)
>Uh, it may be fast and all but, uh, what good is an audible spy plane?
>Lawrence Curcio (Mon, 22 Feb 1993 18:24:37 -0500)
Good question !
BTW, loud "bangs" had been reported over the Atlantic (and maybe
over the Pacific ?), off the U.S. coasts, in the mid 80s. Could
it be a prototype of Aurora, even noisier than the final plane ?
Has anyone opinions, facts, references (Science, Nature, AW&ST, ...)
on these bangs (if my memory is good, they were called "brontides") ?
J. Pharabod
------------------------------
Date: 23 Feb 1993 15:50:41 GMT
From: Doug Mohney <sysmgr@king.eng.umd.edu>
Subject: Bell Rocket Belt and WASP (was Re: Rocketeer)
Newsgroups: sci.space
In article <1993Feb22.205206.1@fnalf.fnal.gov>, higgins@fnalf.fnal.gov (Bill Higgins-- Beam Jockey) writes:
>Oh, did I mention that I *also* have a slideshow on the nuclear
>airplane? (-:
Slideshow or SIDEshow, Mr. Ringtop?
I have talked to Ehud, and lived.
-- > SYSMGR@CADLAB.ENG.UMD.EDU < --
------------------------------
Date: Tuesday, 23 Feb 1993 17:04:42 CET
From: Hermann Schneider <HSCHNEID@ESOC.BITNET>
Subject: ESA press release 7.93
Newsgroups: sci.space
Joint ESA/CNES Press Release No. 07.93
Paris, 23 February 1993
FIRST ARIANE-5 SOLID BOOSTER TEST SCORES WELL
Analysis of the main parameters recorded during the first test, on
16 February, of the solid-propellant booster for ESA's Ariane-5
launcher confirms that all went well. In particular, the pressure
and temperature values match predictions. Visual inspection has
shown that all the booster parts are in good condition, i.e. the
thermal protection, igniter, nozzle throat, etc.
These good results, which will be consolidated by a detailed
analysis of all 600 measurements taken during the firing, mean
that the Ariane-5 launcher development plan can be confirmed,
leading to a first launch in October 1995. The plan comprises 7
other tests on the booster teststand, to be carried out every three
and a half months on average.
The test was carried out under the responsibility of
EUROPROPULSION*, with CNES** in overall charge. The P 230
booster is part of ESA'S Ariane-5 programme, the Agency having
delegated CNES prime contractor.
* a joint subsidiary of BPD Difesa e Spazio (Italy) and the
Socit Europenne de Propulsion (France)
** Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (France)
------------------------------
Date: 23 Feb 93 07:08:47 EST
From: Chris Jones <clj@ksr.com>
Subject: Getting people into Space Program!
Newsgroups: sci.space
In article <1993Feb23.054328.17532@ee.ubc.ca>, davem@ee (Dave Michelson) writes:
>In article <76275@cup.portal.com> BrianT@cup.portal.com (Brian Stuart Thorn) writes:
>> There were 99 X-15 missions, far fewer that qualified as spaceflight.
>
>There were *199* X-15 missions....
Uh, right (darn memory). Now that I can check the "Proceedings", I see that's
the correct number. Taking 50 miles (264000 feet) as the altitude necessary to
earn astronaut's wings, the X-15 made 13 flights into space, involving 8
pilots.
Interestingly, Neil Armstrong's 7 flights topped out at 207,500 feet, so
there's something wrong with the claim I remember being made of him having
become an astronaut while flying in the X-15 program. Either the claim was
inaccurate or puffed, or my memory is bad (and when was the last time *that*
happened?).
--
Chris Jones clj@ksr.com
------------------------------
Date: Tue, 23 Feb 1993 11:19:10 GMT
From: Paul Carter <carter@unisys.co.nz>
Subject: Human Distance Record:Apollo 13
Newsgroups: sci.space
Thanks for the responses.
The answer to who holds the record distance from Earth is the crew of
Apollo 13. They achieved 400,187 km (248,655 imperials).
The crew were Capt. James Lovell, Fred Haise and John Swigert.
No one took a punt on when the record would be broken - I have a horrible
suspicion that the distinction may go to some hi-tech commercial
funeral parlor customer - a body packed specially for lunar or solar
orbit, launched via cannon or cheap rocket.
(I heard an item on the news that a Japanese company will be selling
burial stations for ashes on the moon - the above would be the logical
extension for some wealthy trekkite ).
Space would become a REAL graveyard !
Anyway, I wonder exactly WHO was at the back of the Apollo 13 can when
it made history ?
Damn best regards,
--
P A U L P A U L P A U L P A U L P A U L
C A R T E R C A R T E R C A R T E R C A R T E R C A R T E R
3d signature 3d signature 3d signature 3d signature 3d signature
Focus lines: | |
------------------------------
Date: 23 Feb 93 17:10:35 GMT
From: pporth@nhqvax.hq.nasa.gov
Subject: I'm really embarrassed to ask this but...
Newsgroups: sci.space
In article <C2rts4.9sC@skates.gsfc.nasa.gov>, schieb@shark.gsfc.nasa.gov (Brian D. Schieber) writes:
>
> Hi,
> I have this friend who conned me into finding out how her
> friend can name a star after her boyfriend. I TOLD YOU I
> was embarrassed. Anyway, I read somewhere that one can do
> this but I no longer know how. Could someone please send me
> a message on how its done?
Brian,
Shame on you - call the Goddard Library! :-) But since I
am here...
The International Astronomical Union assigns designated star
names. They are in Paris at the following address:
Union Astronomique Internationale
IAU Secretariat, Rm 318/319
98 bis, boulevard Arago
F-75014 Paris, France
1-43258358
There is an organization called the International Star Registry,
but they are bogus. Hope this helps!
Tricia/NASA HQ
pporth@nhqvax.hq.nasa.gov
------------------------------
Date: Tue, 23 Feb 1993 09:31:27 GMT
From: Nick Szabo <szabo@techbook.com>
Subject: Martian Bacteria
Newsgroups: sci.space,alt.sci.planetary
The most fundamental problem with life on Mars is that the pressure
is too low for liquid water to form. It sublimates straight from
ice to vapor. Now, perhaps there are pressurized underground
springs, but Mars lacks active volcanism, so I doubt it.
Several billion years ago, when Mars had more atmosphere, there
was pressure enough for liquid water, as evidenced by the
riverbed erosion patterns. So, perhaps some fossils remain from
that era. Figuring the odds of this gets into fundamental questions
about where life first emerged, (comets or earth?), if it emerged on
earth what's the chance of it emerging independently, etc. This area
is still almost pure speculation; the first evidence of life on earth is
already highly sophisticated DNA/mRNA/tRNA/ribosome/protein/lipid/sugar etc.
bacteria, with no trace of any ancestors remaining.
Nick Szabo szabo@techbook.com
--
Nick Szabo szabo@techboook.com
------------------------------
Date: Tue, 23 Feb 1993 16:05:18 GMT
From: fred j mccall 575-3539 <mccall@mksol.dseg.ti.com>
Subject: McElwained again.
Newsgroups: sci.space
In <1993Feb22.184431.4287@cnsvax.uwec.edu> mcelwre@cnsvax.uwec.edu writes:
>
> BIOLOGICAL ALCHEMY
[Manure deleted ... hmm, doesn't seem to be much left.]
> Robert E. McElwaine
> B.S., Physics and Astronomy, UW-EC
Does this bozo really have a B.S. in anything, much less Physics and
Astronomy? If not (and I don't see how he could, give the idiocy that
he posts), perhaps something could be done about him due to
misrepresentation? I'd just pretend they're not there, but I'm
concerned about someone who doesn't know any physics seeing one of
these things and believing it might be seriously possible. Silicon
fusion in plants, indeed!
--
"Insisting on perfect safety is for people who don't have the balls to live
in the real world." -- Mary Shafer, NASA Ames Dryden
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Fred.McCall@dseg.ti.com - I don't speak for others and they don't speak for me.
------------------------------
Date: Tue, 23 Feb 1993 14:04:36 GMT
From: "Allen W. Sherzer" <aws@iti.org>
Subject: Nobody cares about Fred?
Newsgroups: sci.space
In article <1993Feb23.041647.24641@aio.jsc.nasa.gov> munoz@sweetpea.jsc.nasa.gov (tomas o munoz 283-4072) writes:
>|> No, he was very clear. He ment the risk to an astronaut re-fueling. This
>|> is one byproduct of the lack of EVA we have been doing.
>Again, it's not the lack of EVA, it's the fact that you don't want
>hydrazine all over the EVA crew.
But the Russians with their backward space program don't find that to
be a problem. Surely with our better technology we could refuel them
in orbit possible saving billions of $$ in life cycle cost.
>|> The thrusters in question are very reliable and don't need constant
>|> inspection to last years.
>Thrusters will stay in orbit for years at a time. They will be inspected
>and/or refurbished every time they are returned to earth.
This sort of thruster is used by every satellite in existance. They are
extremely reliable and shouldn't need servicing this often.
>|> Well at over $10,000 a pound for launch costs I wold say yes.
>There's alot more to it than launching it - that's the easy part.
Well the Russians have this problem solved. I'm sure we can. Doing so
is after all, worth a lot of money.
>|> Maybe we don't need tankage. Maybe we use fuel from the OMS.
>I don't think the OMS are big enough to fuel both orbiter and SSF.
Well then maybe they can be refueled with expendables. That will save
even more money.
Allen
--
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Allen W. Sherzer | "A great man is one who does nothing but leaves |
| aws@iti.org | nothing undone" |
+----------------------112 DAYS TO FIRST FLIGHT OF DCX----------------------+
------------------------------
Date: 23 Feb 93 16:32:00 GMT
From: wingo%cspara.decnet@Fedex.Msfc.Nasa.Gov
Subject: Reliable Source says Freedom Dead, Freedom II to be developed
Newsgroups: sci.space
In article <1mb6scINNt87@access.digex.com>, prb@access.digex.com (Pat) writes...
>
>My feeling was something with a truss, in a higher more inclined orbit.
>then modify the ETs so they have hatches and "wet" structure.
>Then just hang those onto the Truss, and bring equipment up in the shuttle
>bay. this was an original SKYLAB concept.
>
>THe way I see it, is you get a quick volume, cheap and NASA only has
>to worry about the trusses and tanks and maintenance. any experiments
>can bring up their gear and the mission specialists can
>install it. If a submarine can be serviced entirely through
>little hatches, i am sure a station could be too.
>
The problem with this design is that the problems with EVA and on orbit
maintenance is magnifed tenfold. Not only do you have to do all of the
EVA associated with the external structure, BUT you have to do EVA to
install all of the internal equipment, life support..... AND then do
all of your testing on orbit. Then when things don't work which will happen
you have to have all of these contingency missions just to correct all of
the things you did not know about till you got there.
With the recent (91) redesign of SSF most of these issues were resolved by
changes such as the pallet change outs and all of the other EVA reduction
ideas that now are a part of the design. Don't get me wrong, there are many
ways to reduce the cost of SSF but going to an external tank
design is not one of them.
Dennis, University of Alabama in Huntsville
------------------------------
Date: Tue, 23 Feb 1993 10:54:56 -0500
From: Lawrence Curcio <lc2b+@andrew.cmu.edu>
Subject: Rocketeer
Newsgroups: sci.space
A minor nit: A pound is a unit of force, not a unit of mass. In the
British system, weight (force) is used to express mass, and those of us
who live in places are or that were once part of the British Empire are
to this day plagued by little g's in our engineering equations. We know
better, though, because we went to school, where they taught (or tried
to teach) us physics. In physics, even we use the Metric system, and we
know we should really use mass when we commonly use weight. Enter
specific impulse.
Isp is wholly equivalent to effective exhaust velocity. Isp is impulse
per (sea-level) unit WEIGHT of propellant, and effective exhaust
velocity is impulse per unit MASS of propellant. That's why there is a
constant, 1/g that converts them. (We have to use sea-level weight, of
course, because if we used local weight, the statistic would be
dependant on local gravity.)
Now we ex-Brits and Brits have an inferiority complex about our WEIGHT,
so we look at the formula for this contrived statistic, Isp, and tell
ourselves that it really SHOULD have mass in the denominator, so many of
us try to put it there. There are two methods for doing this. The first
is to use the metric system and to put Kg in the denominator, but then
the numbers are off by a factor of about 10 - so we say that everyone
else is wrong. The second way is to say that a pound is a unit of mass -
which is, as I say, only a minor nit because the numbers are right. Fact
is, Isp was probably invented by an ex-Brit or a Brit. That's why it has
weight in the denominator.
So why is it used? Why not use effective exhaust velocity? BECAUSE AS
LONG AS YOU MEASURE WEIGHT IN THE SAME UNITS YOU USED TO MEASURE THRUST,
YOU HAVE A STATISTIC IN Isp THAT CROSSES THE ATLANTIC. Pound-seconds per
pound is the same as Newton-seconds per Newton. They're both (I'll say
it) SECONDS, a unit of time shared by most of the world. For this
convenience, we pay with an unlikely unit (time), but we can correct for
that by saying, pound-seconds per pound instead of seconds. Intuition
returns. I don't think it's incorrect to quote the statistic in seconds,
just strange. After all, this is an engineering unit, governed by
convention. It's not a scientific unit, governed by Nature.
Nuff Bandwidth on Trivia,
-Larry C.
------------------------------
Date: Tue, 23 Feb 93 11:37:53 GMT
From: Dean Adams <dnadams@nyx.cs.du.edu>
Subject: Spy Sats (Was: Are La
Newsgroups: sci.space
In article <13628.409.uupcb@the-matrix.com> roland.dobbins@the-matrix.com (Roland Dobbins) writes:
>DA>That report has been around a while... DoD's GROUND based tracking
>DA>were certainly used and perhaps even one of their airborne platform
>DA>it may just be the press jumping to conclusions to think any satell
>DA>involved. KH-11 orbits are not all that much higher than the shutt
>DA>would make an intercept pretty tight, and besides the optics are ob
>
>KH-11 is neither the latest nor the greatest "real-time" platform up there.
>
The ADVANCED KH-11 is... we currently have 2-3 of them up.
OR, are you talking about Lacrosse or Aurora?
------------------------------
Date: 23 Feb 1993 06:05:36 GMT
From: Shari L Brooks <bafta@cats.ucsc.edu>
Subject: unnecceary violence (was: Nobody cares about Fred?)
Newsgroups: sci.space
In article <1lotstINNsdh@mojo.eng.umd.edu> sysmgr@king.eng.umd.edu writes:
>Pleaseeeee....
>
>Just get an AK-47, go down to NASA HQ, and start shooting everyone wearing a
>tie who might be NASA management. It's the ONLY way you'll be happy.
Doug, this urging Allen to get a gun and kill people is beginning to get
out of hand. Once was funny, and twice made your point. But seeing you
repeatedly hammer on this is really disturbing. Are you sure you're not
projecting?
--
If you blow fire against the wind, take care to not get the smoke in your eyes.
Big & Growly Dragon-monster | bafta@cats.ucsc.edu
--------> shari brooks <-------- | brooks@anarchy.arc.nasa.gov
The above opinions are solely my own.
------------------------------
Date: 23 Feb 1993 15:10:04 GMT
From: BAIRD <wbaird@dante.nmsu.edu>
Subject: Water resupply for SSF (?)
Newsgroups: sci.space
Well, this is my first time posting to usenet so be patient with the article!
Danke schon!
Well, a thought accured to me after reading a number of the posts here
that dealt with the resupply of the space station (Fred or Son/Daughter of Fred)
....Everyone is complaining about the cost of the space station's resupply
through the shuttle or HOPE or Hermes. WHy not just NOT use these vehiciles?
I have heard of a number of proposals to drag ice from the outer system and
refine it in orbit or get it from the asteriod belt. Using a set of robotic
systems, using either electric propulsion(EP) or light sails(LS), in conjunction
with a few robotic mining platforms shouldn't it be feasible to resupply the
space station using either the belt or the outer planets' moons?
The mission scenarios that I would have in mind are basically this:
When SSF or SSSF(Son of Fred) is scheduled to begin construction or the
nearest possible window before, have a pair of chemical combusting rockets
boost two "ice factories" from LEO to either Jupiter's moons, Saturn's moons,
or one of the Carboneous (sp) asteriods in the Belt. In a shuttle mission
soon after with the "spare" cargo space on the shuttle with a different
primary mission, it could deploy using the its robotic arm a half dozen
EP modules of relatively small size. A pair of expendable launchers from
the Cape would then be launched with the necessary fuel for them and rendezous
with them. The EP modules would then spiral out to the outer system to
rendezous with the operating factories. The factories would have boosted
payloads of volatiles in to orbit of the satellite or asteriod that it was
scraping on. The EP module would snatch up this and spiral back to the
Earth and the SS. A processing module would have been added to the station
by this time as well as various storage tanks. The shuttle would probably
deploy about three or four dozen EP or LS modules for the resupply. If properly
spaced the volatiles would be arriving at SSF fairly regularly or in batches
in some sort of regular schedule. Until the first modules arrive from the
outer system or asteriod belt tne SSF would be supplied by an SSTO.
Now what are the mistakes or loop holes in this scenario? There must be
some or else it would have been proposed and accepted? Is it the cost? I
would see that as being something like $2 billion to $3.5 billion.....Would that
be too high for a resupply system as I described? Or is it something else?
Will
------------------------------
Date: Tue, 23 Feb 1993 09:25:40 GMT
From: "Herity D." <dherity@cs.tcd.ie>
Subject: Wouldn't an earth to moon shuttle be better than fred?
Newsgroups: sci.space
bruce@idsssd.UUCP (Bruce T. Harvey) writes:
>If you have a purely non-atmospheric vehicle between station and moon,
>wouldn't it be adding a GREAT deal of mass to this vehicle to enable it to
>not only withstand the Aerobraking stresses but also (if I understand
>correctly) the temperatures involved with atmospheric interaction?
Aerobraking to LEO needn't require large stresses or thermal loads because
it needn't be done in one pass. Even a modest braking effect
will bring the vehicle into an eccentric decaying orbit, finishing in an
atmosphere grazing orbit near LEO. A short burn can bring the perigee up to
LEO. The saving in structural mass is probably well worth the time taken
time taken waiting for the orbit to decay, especially considering that
the transit time from the moon is about three days anyway.
--
-----------------------------------------------------------|"Nothing travels |
| Dominic Herity, dherity@cs.tcd.ie, |faster than light, |
|Computer Science Dept, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.|except possibly bad|
| Tel : +353-1-6772941 ext 1720 Fax : +353-1-6772204 |news"-Douglas Adams|
------------------------------
Date: Wed, 24 Feb 93 17:09:33 EST
From: MAILRP%ESA.BITNET@vm.gmd.de
Joint Press Release ESA/EUMETSAT/NOAA Nr.08.93
Paris, 24 February 1993
EUROPEAN WEATHER SATELLITE MOVES
CLOSER TO UNITED STATES
A new era of international cooperation in the sharing of weather
data was marked today when a European weather satellite
completed a move to 75 degrees west longitude at 22,500 miles
(36,000 km) above the equator. The satellite now provides weather
images spanning both East and West Coasts of the United States,
Central and South America.
Meteosat-3 was launched in 1988 and served as Europe's
operational satellite until June 1989. It was developed by the
European Space Agency (ESA) and operated by ESA on behalf of
the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological
Satellites (EUMETSAT). The announcement of its move was made
at a joint news conference by these agencies and the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, which operates the
United States' geostationary weather satellites known as GOES
satellites.
The United States normally operates two meteorological satellites
in geostationary orbit, one each over the East and West Coasts.
However, it has had only one since the failure of GOES-6 in 1989.
A planned replacement satellite was lost due to a launch vehicle
failure in 1986.
The remaining operational satellite, GOES-7, was repositioned
midway over the United States. The next GOES launch is projected
for April 1994 with a second GOES launch one year later.
Meanwhile, if GOES-7 should fail, it is technically possible for
Meteosat-3 to move farther west and provide continuing coverage
of the United States, Central and South America.
Meteosat-3 originally operated at 0 degrees longitude over the
equator. It was manoeuvred to a position of 50 degrees west over
the equator in August 1991 to supplement NOAA's GOES system.
It began the journey to its new location of 75 degrees west
longitude 27 January, moving approximately one degree per day
in support of the Extended Atlantic Data Coverage mission.
At 75 degrees west, Meteosat-3 is no longer within the field of
view of the Meteosat station located near Darmstadt, Germany. To
be able to continue the operations from ESA's European Space
Operations Center (ESOC) it was necessary to build a Meteosat
Relay station in Wallops, Virginia. The station, implemented by
European industry under ESA management, is connected with
ESOC's control center through a trans-Atlantic satellite link.
Images from Meteosat-3 are available free of charge and will be
used by weather forecasters in both the northern and southern
American continents and will also be available to European weather
services using already established communications links involving
Meteosat 4.
There is a tradition of cooperation among operators of
geostationary satellites. In 1978, a U.S. GOES satellite was
positioned over the Indian Ocean at the request of the World
Meteorological Organisation, and operated by the European Space
Agency from a ground station in Spain. In 1985, NOAA aided
Europe by repositioning a GOES satellite farther east over the
Atlantic during the loss of the Data Collection System on Meteosat-
2.
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* *
Note to Editors :
Prints of the first image taken on 19 February 1993 by Meteosat-3
from its new location at 75 degrees West, together with some
explanations of the meteorological situation that day, are available
from ESA Public Relations at one of the addresses figuring on the
first page of this press release.
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End of Space Digest Volume 16 : Issue 223
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